Types of Sentences
(page 56-57)
The Answers of Exercise B
1. To make money, they must first spend money, for inventory, supplies, equipment and facilities acquired and employees paid.
2. Revenue from sales of the firm’s product should be the chief source of funding.
3. Financial manager is the ones who keeps track of how money is flowing into and out of the firms.
4. A financial manager decides how the available funds will be used, how much money is needed, and where to get it.
5. Financial management is the responsibility of the vice president of finance of the chief of finance officer.
6. The main function of accountants is to collect and present financial data.
7. The basis of financial decision is financial statement.
8. The financial manager’s job is focus on cash flow and out flow of cash.
9. The jobs of CFO are coordinate information from such area as marketing and production to develop and carry out financial strategies.
10. In a small firm, the financial functions are performed by either the accounting department or one or two poeple.
11. The key activities of the financial managers are financial planning, investment and financing.
12. Budgets are a way to control expense and compare the actual performance to the forecast.
13. The function of budgets are revised when the assumptions on which the budgets was based on longer hold true.
14. The three types of budgets are cash budgets, capital budgets and operating budgets.
(page 58-61)
Exercise 1
1. The one who keep track of how money is flowing into and out the firm is known as:
(b) financial manager.
2. The formal written forcast of revenue and expenses is known as:
(c) budget.
3. It is used to forecast the firm’s cash inflow and outflow:
(a) Cash budget
4. Investment, financing and financial planning are the main activities of:
(b) Financial manager
5. It is used to control and monitor the performance of a division or department:
(c) Budget
Exercise 2
1. revenue = (b) the main source of funding
2. finance = (a) sum of money intended for special purpose
3. expectation = (f) hopes
4. company = (k) firm
5. job = (m) assignment
6. expense = (l) cost
7. function = (e) role
8. division = (o) Segment
9. plan = (g) design
10. equipment = (n) apparatus
11. estimate = (j) approximate to some value more or less acuracy
12. implement = (h) the act of planning
13. projection = (i) put into practice
14. available = (c) obtainable
15. fund = (a) sum of money intended for special purpose
Exercise 3
1. All companies need money to meet the goals.
(TRUE)
2. Keeping track of cash inflow and outflow is the function of financial managers.
(TRUE)
3. Preparing and implemaenting financial plans is one of the duties of financial managers.
(FALSE)
4. Financial forecast starts with the financial planning process within the firm.
(FALSE)
5. Budget are formal written forecast or revenues and expenses.
(TRUE)
6. Cash budgets forcast outlays for fixed assets.
(FALSE)
7. Budgets guarantee that the firm will have enough funds to buy the equipment. (FALSE)
8. Operating budgets forecast the firm’s cash inflows and outflows.
(FALSE)
Exercise 4
NO. NOUN VERB
1. Equipment Equipe
2. Relation Relate
3. Statement State
4. Preparation Prepare
5. Coordination Coordinate
6. Information Inform
7. Development Develop
8. Estimation Estimate
9. Combination Combine
10. Consideration Consider
The Answer of Exercise 5
1. Money is refered to capital.
2. Continue to is refered to advanced.
3. Chief is refered to primary.
4. Obtain is refered to available.
5. Factor is refered to element.
6. Uses is refered to utilizes.
7. Paid back is refered to repaid.
8. Anticipate is refered to solve.
(page 66-69)
Exercise 1
1. The books from the library need to be returned by Friday.
2. The parents and the chid often watch Disney movies.
3. The phone that belongs to the two friends has finally run out of minutes.
4. That pair of trousers look good on you.
5. Either Matilda or her brother use the simphony tickets each week.
6. The crowd was cheering wildly for Tom.
7. The politics of this campign seem very complicated.
8. Everyone at the company’s headquarters knows the code to the safe.
9. Gulliver’s Travels are one of my favorite books.
10. Measles cause a good deal of itching.
Exercise 2
1. Emily and Greg come to my house every Friday for lunch.
2. There needs is time to watch the movie.
3. My friends who are in the band want me to play a musical instrument.
4. My father or my brothers are coming with me to the ball game.
5. Everyone needs time to relax.
6. That bag of oranges look fresh.
7. The lacrosse team hope to win the turnament next week.
8. Your trousers need to be cleaned.
9. Some of the books on the shelf are dusty.
10. Even though the students like the class, a few think that is too complicated.
Exercise 3
1. So many people are waiting outside.
2. The office next door was closed all day yesterday.
3. The print on the labels is so small.
4. The carpet has so many stains on it that it needs to be replaced.
5. The Trade Union members’ meeting are downstairs in the Conference Room.
6. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have moved in the next door to us.
7. Two cars and a coach were involved in the motorway accident.
8. This application form for the new job, which was posted yesterday, has gone missing.
9. My neighbour plays his music so loud that the walls almost vibrate.
10. Ricardo does not care whether United or City is winning.
11. The bouquet of flowers has just arrived.
12. He makes use of the computer now, and even writes reports for the manager with it.
Types of Sentences
(page 54)
Practice 83-A
1. Many poor boys became famous. (Simple sentence)
2. Wood was a famous painter and Bok was a foremost editor. (Simple sentence)
3. Before he assumed his job, he prepared for it very carefully. (Complex sentence)
4. Bok made the best of a bad situation. (Simple sentence)
5. Hendry Ford inherited many traits from his mother . (Simple sentence)
6. Because he had a brillian mind, Ford planed his horseless carriage. (Complex sentence)
7. He hadn’t worked hard he would never have become a success . (Complex sentence)
8. Will Roger enjoyed wealth and fame in abundance . (Compound sentence)
9. Thomas Edison who made his first scientific experiment at the age of six, invented many things . (Complex sentence)
10. After he invented the phonograph , Edison wrote an article for the megazines. (Complex sentence)
Practice 83-B
1. Grant’s tomb, which was built of granite, is located in New York. (Complex sentence)
2. Though Grant was a fearless military man, he was a weak President. (Compound sentence)
3. Grant and Lee were two famous generals. (Simple sentence)
4. His memoirs, which were finished a week before his death, were sold by Mrs. Grant. (Complex sentence)
5. He fought the southern troops under terrible conditions. (Simple sentence)
6. Lee was offered the command of the union army, but he chose to lead the South. (Complex sentence)
7. When grant finished his second term as President, he and his family toured Europed. (Complex sentence)
8. U.S. Grant served two tems as President, but he died a poor man. (Compound sentence)
9. Clay was a brilliant orator, but Webster was the greatest of them all. (Compound sentence)
10. Clay was a leader of a group of young statesmen who were called “War Hawks”. (Complex sentence)
11. Clay was a member of the cabinet before Webster was ever in the Senate.
12. They worked and fought side by side. (Simple sentence)
13. Andrew Jackson had a nickname “Old Hickory”. (Simple sentence)
14. He had a strong personality or he would never have risen to such heights. (Simple sentence)
15. Jackson, who was the Hero of the Battke of New Orleans, was a military leader. (Compound sentence)
SKIMMING
page 26
Exercise 1
1. Against
2. Against
3. For
4. Against
5. Against
6. For
7. Against
8. Against
page 27
Exercise 2
1. Against
2. For
3. For
4. For
5. Against
6. For
7. For
8. For
page 28-29
exercise 1
1. Comparison
2. Comparison
3. Listing
4. Cause-effect
5. Comparison
6. Comparison
7. Time-order
8. Comparison
page 30
exercise 2
1. Time-order
2. Time-order
3. Comparison
4. Cause-effect
5. Comparison
6. Listing
7. Cause-effect
SCANNING
(page 32-43)
The Ansewers of Exercise 1
There are 6 features in the magazines.
The title of the article on noise pollution is “The Trouble with Jet Skis”.
I can read about long lake on page 2.
There are 6 departements in the magazine.
Yes, it does. It is on page 17.
I can read about birds on page 23.
Yes, it does. His name is John Mitchell.
I can read about freshwater ponds on page 14.
The title of the article by Betsy Colburn is “Watcher at the Pond”.
The Article by Deborah Knight is on the page 6.
The Answers of Exercise 2
Item(s) Page(s)
TOEFL 132
Taste 53
Vocabulary v, 12, 28, 29, 33,37,61, 75, 92, 107, 126
Writing 63
Sound 75, 76, 131, 135, 148, 152, 156
Stereotype 9, 14, 53
Time magazine 118
University of Illinois 127, 128, 132
Andrew Wright 159
Garry trudeau 66
The Answers of Exercise 3
The ferry depart from Seattle at 7:00 AM.
The ferry depart from Victoria at 2:00 PM.
I cann’t take the ferry on a Wenesday in March or April.
There are two ferry trips everyday, during June 30, until September 14.
There are ferry trips only on the weekends, during October 1, until October 15.
The bill of a round trip for a student os $39.
A father and two litle children would pay $93 for round trip.
The lastest time that I can take a ferry from Victoria to Seattle is at 4:20 PM.
The ferry take to travel from Seattle to Victoria is about 5 hours more 20 minutes.
No, I cann’t. I cann’t take a ferry from Victoria at 4:20 PM in October.
Parts of Speech
(page 51)
The Ansewers of Exercise 1
In 1610, Galileo Galilei of Pisa, Italy, used his simple telescope and pointed it aat the
moon’s mountains and valleys.
Used = transitive verb
Simple = qualitative adjective
Telescope = countable noun
Pointed = transitive verb
Montains = countable verb
Valleys = countable verb
People who make a living by hunting birds can tell you that certain birds, because of their colour, can easily deceive you.
People = countable nouns
Make = transitive verb
Hunting = transitive verb
Tell = transitive verb
Certain = qualitative adjective
Birds = countable nouns
Colour = countable noun
Easily = qualitative adjective
Deceive = transitive verb
A cameleon can easily change colour so that it is difficult to distinguish it from its surroundings.
Cameleon = countable noun
Easily = qualitative adjective
Change = transitive verb
Colour = countable noun
Difficult = qualitative adjective
Distinguish = transitive verb
Surrounding = Noun (geround)
The acid which is produced by those gland cells is so strong that it can harm living cells.
Acid = countable noun
Produced = transitive verb
Gland = countable noun
Cells = countable nouns
So = subordinate conjunction
Strong = qualitative adjective
Harm = transitive verb
Living = Noun (geround)
Cells = countable nouns
The officer highest in rank in a foreign agency or an embassy is an ambassador who heads the embassy and represents his government in diplomacy or diplomatic affairs.
Officer = countable noun
Highest = qualitative adjective
Rank = adverb of place
Foreign = qualitative adjective
Agency = countable noun
Embassy = countable noun
Ambassador = countable noun
Heads = transitive verb
Embassy = countable noun
Ambassador = countable noun
Represents = transitive verb
Government = countable noun
Diplomacy = intransitive verb
Diplomatic = uncountable noun
Affairs = abstract noun
A legation is also a diplomat lower than an ambassador, and he represents his government in a foreign country.
Legation = countable noun
Diplomat = countable noun
Lower = qualitative adjective
Ambassador = countable noun
Represents = transitive verb
Government = countable noun
Foreign = qualitative adjective
Country = adverb of place
Such relations are important to maintain these countries’ national interest through international co-operation.
Relations = countable noun
Important = qualitative adjective
Maintain = transitive verb
countries’ = countable verb
national = countable noun
interest = qualitative adjective
international = adverb
co-operation = countable noun
He wished that he could have continued his study, but he could not; he had to earn money to support his family.
Wished = transitive verb
Family = countable noun
Support = transitive verb
Money = uncountable noun
Earn = transitive verb
However, when Sams was thirty years old and had had a great eal of experience, he moved to Fransisco, where he merried Olivia Langdon in 1870.
Years = adverb of time
Old = qualitative adjective
Had = auxiliary verb
Experience = countable noun
Moved = intransitive verb
Merried = transitive verb
Writing to a busy man requires that you state your business quickly and accurately, but courteously.
Writing = transitive verb
Busy = qualitative adjective
man = countable noun
requires = transitive verb
state = transitive verb
business = countable noun
quickly = qualitative adjective
accurately = qualitative adjective
courteously = qualitative adjective
Describing Company & Its History
(page 17-18)
2. STUDY POINT
1. Complete the sentence with a preposition!
a. The company expanded in the 80’s.
b. I joined AMT in 1991.
c. I left on the spring.
d. The company was taken over on the end of that month.
e. I got a new job with CDR on May 1st.
f. I was sent to Miamy in the beginning of July.
g. My boss called me at 9:00 AM on Tuesday August 5th.
h. He wanted me to go to Rome in September.
i. I called him back at 3:00 PM.
4. Now put these sentences into passive!
a. We bought a factory in Mexico in 1987.
A factory was bought by us in Mexico in 1987.
b. We acquired our Japanese subsidiary in 1988.
Our Japanese was acquired by us in 1988.
c. We closed the Mexician factory in 1989.
It was closed by us in 1989.
d. ZRF took us over in1992.
We take ZRF over in 1992.
e. They tore down the original factory.
The original factory
f. They built a new one on the same site.
A new one was built by them on the same site.
g. They completed the building work in 1993.
The building work was completed by them in 1993.
h. The president opened the new factory.
The new factory was opened by the president.
2. VOCABULARY
Complete the table. Working in pairs, write sentences using the words.
Verb
To merge
To acquired
To take
To expatiate
To produce
To increase
To decrease
To close (down)
To sell off
To grow
Noun
A merge
An acquirement
An takeover
expansion
a production
An increase
A decrease
A closeners
sell out
a grower
(page 24)
EXERCISES 43.1
1. The Bill includes service.
Service is included in in the bill.
2. People don’t use this road very often.
This road isn’t used by people.
3. They canceled all flights because of fog .
All flights were cancelled by them .
4. Somebody accused me of stealing the money.
I was accused of stealing the money by them.
5. They are building a new ring road round the city.
A new ring road is being built by them round the city.
6. I didn’t realise that someone was recording our conversation.
I didn’t realise that our conversation was being recorded.
7. They have changed the date of the meeting.
The date of the meeting has been change by them.
8. Bryan told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.
Bryan told me that he had been attacked and robbed by somebody in the street.
EXERCISES 43.2
1. This is very popular televison programm.
Every week it is watched by millions of poeple.
2. What happenes to the cars produced in this factory?
Most of them is exported.
3. A: Was there any truble at the demonstration?
B: Yes. About 20 poeple arrested.
4. A: There is no longer military service in Britain.
B: Really? When was it abolished?
5. A: Did anybody call ambulance to the scene of the accident?
B: Yes. But nobody injured, so it was not need.
6. A: last night someone broke into our house.
B: Oh dear. Anything was taken?
7. Mr. Kelly can’t use this office at the moment.
It is decorated.
8. George didn;t have his car yesterday.
It was serviced at the garage.
9. Where is my bicycle? It’s gone.
It has been steal.
10. The poeple next door disappeared six month ago.
They wasn’t seen since then.
11. This room looks different.
It has been beeing painted since I was last here?
12. A tree was lying across the road.
It was being blewn down in the strom.
Paragraph I
( 3 ) a. Next, add anti freeze to your windshield washer fluid; otherwise, the fluid will freeze and possibly break the container.
( 1 ) b. First, put on snow tires if you plan to drive on snowy, icy roads very often.
( TS ) c. Driving in winter, especially on snowy, icy roads, can be less trouble some if you take a few simple precautions*.
( 4 ) d. Finally, it is also a good idea to carry tire chains, a can of spray to unfreeze door locks and a windshield scraper in your car when driving in winter weather.
( 2 ) e. Second, check the amount of antifreeze in your radiator and add more if necessary.
Paragraph 2
( 3 ) a. Furthermore, researchers are continuing to work on the development of an efficient, electrically powered automobile.
( TS ) b. Researchers in the automobile industry are experimenting with different types of engines and fuels as alternative to the conventional gasoline engines.
( 1 ) c. One new type of engine, which burns diesel oil instead of gasoline, has been available for several years.
( 4 ) d. Finally, several automobile manufactures are experimenting with methanol, which is a mixture of gasoline and methyl alcohol, as an automobile fuel.
( 2 ) e. A second type is the gas turbine engine, which can use fuels made from gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, other petroleum distillates*, or methanol.
Paragraph 3
( 3 ) a. Later on, people began to write on pieces of leather, which were rolled into scrolls.
( 1 ) b. In the earliest times, people carved or painted messages on rocks.
( 2 ) c. In the middle Ages, heavy paper called parchment was used for writing; books were laboratoriously copied by hand.
( 4 ) d. With the invention of the printing press in the middle of the fifteenth century, the modern printing industry was born.
( TS ) e. Some form of written communication has been used throughout the centuries.
Paragraph 4
( 3 ) a. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby’s birth, the baby might have been named thunder cloud.
( TS ) b. American Indian names are very descriptive, for Indian were usually named for physical attribute, for an occurrence in nature, or for animal.
( 1 ) c. Grey Eagle, red dog, Big bear, and spotted wolf are example of Indians named after animals.
( 2 ) d. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics might be given such names as big foot or crooked leg.
Paragraph 5
( 2 ) a. For one thing, Individual I.Q. scores vary considerably.
( 1 ) b. Many experts also question whether I.Q. scores are related to intelligence.
( 3 ) c. Furthermore, most psychologists agree that intelligence test are biased* in favor of middle-class children.
( TS ) d. The validity* of standardized intelligence test is being seriously questioned by educators and physiologists.
( 4 ) e. In fact, motivation seems to be just as important as intelligence in determining a person’s ability to learn.
Name : lira cinthia maharani
Npm : 109200024
Class : accounting a
Unit 1 Socializing
Hal 1
- What does your brother do?
- Where does mr. Jones work?
- Where is your husband from?
- Where do your parents live?
- Are you married?
- Does your boss have any children?
- How old are they?
- What do you do in your spare time?
Hal 2
- Daughter in law = wife
- Brother in law = uncle
- Grandmother = mother in law
- Grandfather = father in law
- Sister in law = aunt
Hal 3
- I like skiing. I don’t like snowboarding. Do you like skiing? My father likes skiing. My mother doesn’t like skiing. Does your father like skiing?
- I’m studying english. I’m not studying spanish. My father is studying english. My mother isn’t studying english. Is your father studying english?
- I saw the empire state building. I didn’t see the statue of liberty. My father saw the empire state building. My mother didn’t saw the empire state building. Did your father see the empire state building?
- I’ve met muhammad ali. I didn’t have meet pele. My father has met muhammad ali. My mother didn’t has meet muhammad ali. Did you father has meet muhammad ali?
Hal 4
- Auxiliary
- Full verb
- Auxiliary
- Auxiliary
- Full verb
- Auxiliary
- Auxiliary
- Full verb
- Auxiliary
- Auxiliary
- Auxiliary
- Full verb
- I don’t know where the post office is.
- She has got two brother and she doesn’t get on with either of them.
- He doesn’t has brother and sister. He is an only child.
- We weren’t happy with the hotel so we didn’t stay there for long.
- He didn’t go to the party because he had a cold.
- They’re getting married when have saved enough money.
- John isn’t sure where jill is
- She is parking the car although always difficult in our street.
- I don’t want them to know who i am
- Don’t you understand what i am saying?
Hal 5
- Why is the Phil computer helpline ringing?
- Does company which Phil work for?
- What he was doing when his computer stopped?
- Why Phil can’t remember the message?
- Has he switched off hi computer?
- Where were your parents born?
- What are you wearing at the moment?
- Do you play any sport at the weekend?
- What time did you get up in this morning?
- Have you ever met a famous person?
- Do you like your mother look?
- Where did you go on holiday, when you were a child?
- Who’s she writing to?
- What language he speaks?
- What do you get in your birthday?
- Who did pay a lot of money?
- How many bob’s cat kittens?
- What time he go to the cinema on Saturday?
- Where is he going?
- What did they do on holiday?
- What is your job?
- Who is he talking with?
Hal 6
- Lizzie likes sushi, but Mark doesn’t.
- I don’t like chocolate, but
- I’ve been to
- Sandra isn’t going to college, but I am.
- Leroy loves skateboarding, but we don’t.
- I heard the news last night, but my mother didn’t.
- Ayako hasn’t finished her work, but we have.
- I don’t want to go to the gym, but they do.
- They didn’t write to me, but you did.
- Your English is really improving, but mine isn’t.
- Yes, I do. I speak French, German and Russian.
- Yes, I am. I am having a holiday in
- No, I didn’t. I have a bad holiday.
- No, I haven’t. I have been to
- No, I don’t travel abroad.
- Yes, of course.
Hal 7
Adjective : friendly, musical, scientific, happy, greedy…etc…
Noun : friend, music, science, happily, greed…etc…
Noun : invitation, achievement, competence, discussion…etc…
Verb : invite, achieve, compete, discuss…etc…
Hal 9
- The
- Snow isn’t hot. It’s cold.
- Five and six isn’t twelve. Five and six is eleven.
- You aren’t English. You are British.
- We ae not in a Russian class. We are in an English class.
- Rolls-royce cars are not cheap. It’s expensive.
- It isn’t hot today.
- I’m not married.
- Where’s the newspaper.
- They aren’t from oxford.
- We’re at work.
- You’re a student.
- they are Italian.
- you are not old.
- my flat is small.
- her son is not an accountant.
- his wife is a journalist.
- they are at work.
- we are not rich.
Hal 11
1. cook cooked
2. enjoy enjoyed
- invite invited
- love loved
- study studied
- try tried
- visit visited
- wash washed
- watch watched
1. buy bought
2. give gave
3. meet met
4. see saw
5. sleep slept
6. spend spent
7. take took
8. go went
Hal 15
A : How was your vacation in
B : it was great. I really enjoyedit.
A : how long were you there?
B : we were there for two weeks.
A : were you in
B : no, we weren’t. we were in the mountains for a few days.
A : and how was the weather? Was it good?
B : no, it was not good at all. The city was very hot, and the mountains was really cold!
Hal 16
- the neighbors had a noisy party till 3:00 am. We complaint about it.
- we didn’t see very much in the mountains. The weather was foggy.
- we went on a trip of ruins.
- I worked very hard in
- how often do you go on vacation? 3 times a year.
- how long do you spend on vacation? 1 until 2 weeks.
- who do you usually go with? I go by my self.
- where do you usually go? I usually go to
- what do you usually go? I usually shopping.
The SQ4R Method will help you keep studying organized and efficient. The steps to SQ4R ( Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Record, Review) are explained in the steps below.
SURVEY
Glance over the material to get a feel for what you will be reading.
Survey the entire text
When you first receive the text, spend about 20 minutes skimming the entire textbook to acquire an overall understanding of how the book is organized.
- Read at the title page.
- Read at the copyright page.
- Read at the table of contents.
- Read the preface.
- Read at the ancillary material (appendix, glossary, bibliography, and index)
- Read at any illustrations (including charts, graphs, and tables)
Survey each chapter
Survey a chapter assignment before you actually read it. Survey should tell the scope of the content, how different topics are organized, and what the author's purpose and point of view are. The chapter survey will also give you sufficient background information for class notes.
- Read the chapter title.
- Read the chapter objectives.
- Read the chapter summary or review.
- Read the major headings and subheadings.
- Read the visual aids.
- Read the italicized and/or underlined words and terms.
Survey the illustrations
Our society is visually oriented; authors and publishers are well aware that effective use of illustrations in textbooks is more necessary than ever. Illustrations can literally replace hundreds of words and convey a message more dramatically and quickly than a comparable section of text. Formats range from equations, theorems, and formulas to tables and graphic illustrations.
QUESTION
Ask questions before, during, and after reading the material
As you survey the material, ask the questions about what you will be reading and what you will try to answer. Turn the headings and subheadings into questions. These questions give you a real reason for reading and will help you concentrate on the subject you are reading.
Imagine, as you read the textbook, that the author is speaking directly to you. Question the author statements. Challenge the ideas presented. Textbooks are not the A final word, but are a means of actively involving you, the reader, in the learning process. Do not passively accept the author is presentation of material; look at it critically and read with a questioning and searching attitude. Ask the standard questions: what, why, and how.
Read
Read for the main ideas and organization
Now you should read actively with these certain questions in mind and attempt to answer the questions and organize the material. These answers will be the important facts and details. Read everything in a chapter including any of the visual aids such as picture captions, graphs, charts, etc. Note any words or phrases that are italicized, underlined, or in bold print (there=s a reason this material is highlighted!) The tendency in reading is to keep going, but you should stop at the end of each section to see if you can answer the questions you asked at the start of the section.
Find the main ideas in each chapter or section. Textbook authors write as you have been taught to write: they develop a topic sentence and/or paragraph, substantiate it, and draw conclusions.
Concentrate on what you are reading. Try to feel the rhythm of the author's prose (short, snappy sentences or long, labored explanations) and then "go with the flow." Note particularly the headings and subheadings; they indicate the relative importance of each topic.
Study the illustrations. These serve as "pegs" to help you remember the major points being discussed in the text.
RECITE
Summarize aloud what you read
Recite the main ideas, in other words, aloud or to yourself, after finishing a page. Check the comprehension and make sure you have the correct information. Do the same for the major points after reading each section or chapter.
By reciting what you've read, you are able to see how much information you absorbed, areas you didn't understand and need to review, and answers to the questions you generated for yourself. If you cannot answer the questions, go back to the material and reread.
RECORD
Marking the textbook increases understanding of the material for the present and for future reference. The process of selecting and marking requires you to find the main ideas. Later, when you review the text for exam purposes, you will find that the textbook markings and highlights enable you to grasp the essential points without having to read entire paragraphs and chapters again.
Write down the central points for the chapter or section in the notebook. Do each assignment before class. This will prepare you to participate in class discussions which will, in turn, help you remember the material you have read and to put it into perspective.
Underline and make marginal notes
Underlining key words and sentences will make those items stand out in the mind.
Marginal notes give you the opportunity to question a statement or position taken by the author as well as making you select the key words or items you want to remember from the paragraph.
Summaries enable you to write a brief summation of a section in other words.
Develop your own system of reading. Use whatever facilitates your retention of the material and works best for you. You might use the following: a double underline for main ideas and a single underline for supporting points; a bracket to enclose several consecutive lines that are important, rather than underlining all of them; or a box or circle around key terms.
Read before you mark. Read a few paragraphs or sections and then go back over the material and underline those topics and/or words that you feel are important.
Be selective. Underline only those points that are clearly essential. You will then have a visible outline of the major points on a page.
Use other words. Marginal notations and summaries should be in other language so you can readily recall the original material as you review. Using the text in this manner enables you to extract all that the book has to offer you in a learning situation, now and in the future. You will be able to use the texts for review in later softwares in the same field or in an allied field, thus reducing the need to re-read the material. You will reap the most benefit from reviewing the notes in the text, rather than being distracted by notes you may find written by some other person in a used text.
Coordinate class notes and textbook notes
Read the textbook material on time and prior to the corresponding class or lecture if at all possible. You can then follow the instructor's thought more easily, separate important points from lesser details, and have class notes become more meaningful to you.
Develop your own note-taking technique for each class. Many students use only one side of the paper for class notes, leaving a 2- or 3-inch margin on the left side of the page for writing key words and labeling.
Combine the text notes and class notes. Do this by writing class notes on the right hand page of the notebook and transferring text notes to the appropriate left hand facing page. You can then easily review all the information gained from class and text reading.
REVIEW
Review constantly
Reviewing is an essential part of retention. Review the textbook notes shortly after you have written them and continue to review them periodically.
Spend a few minutes going over the earlier notes before beginning a new reading assignment. This will help you keep the overall picture of the author's development in mind and will let you place the new material properly within that arrangement.
Review any and all supplements to the text. These usually contain quizzes and self tests on material in the text which will prepare you better for examinations. Constantly review throughout the software will greatly reduce the time you will need to spend preparing for exams and will make that time less stressful ("cramming") and more relaxing ("reviewing").
